The Best Wedding Vendors in Sunnyvale, CA

How do we sort results, including Sponsored Ads and personalized results?


1000+ Wedding Vendors in Sunnyvale, CA

Quick responder
Shubham Halls 
Rating: 4.8 (106 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Venue
  • Up to 400 guests
  • All-inclusive
  • Indoor
  • Starts at $2,000

Planning a Birthday, Baby Shower, Kid Event, Wedding or Corporate Event in a beautiful space with a Dance floor, LED video walls, and delicious catering - all at the best price in the area. At Shubham Halls, we host 50-500 guests with custom Decor, Exclusive Service, and Food Packages starting at $36 per person. Free parking, Easy Access - book your event now!

Why you'll love this venue

  • Designed for grand celebrations
  • Accommodates more than 200 guests
  • Provides setup and cleanup

Venue considerations

  • Large venue, not ideal for small guest lists
  • On-site parking not available
  • No on-site guest accommodations
Awarded Best of Zola
We recently hosted a birthday and New Year party at Shubham Halls, and it was an unforgettable experience! The appetizers were absolutely delicious, and the main course was equally impressive with rich flavors and perfectly cooked dishes. The LED screen and LED dance floor added an exciting vibe to the celebration, elevating the party atmosphere. The staff was attentive, and the overall setup was flawless. Highly recommend Shubham Halls for any special occasion!
Renuka S., 2 years ago
GemHidden gem
Bellissima Music 
Rating: 5.0 (11 reviews)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Band or Ensemble
  • Starts at $1,100

Hello! We are an esteemed collective of professional string musicians based in the San Francisco Bay Area, dedicated to bringing beautiful, live string quartet music to weddings and private events. We offer vibrant performances of romantic wedding favorites, contemporary popular hits, and timeless classics that will make your event truly memorable.

Awarded Best of Zola
I cannot recommend Bellissima Music highly enough. They performed for my engagement proposal this past Saturday, and they were absolutely fantastic from start to finish. Throughout the planning process, they were incredibly helpful, responsive, and easy to work with. I had a specific vision for the atmosphere I wanted to create, and they took the time to understand exactly what I was looking for. Their guidance and professionalism made the entire process stress-free. One thing that really stood out was the music curation. I provided a list of songs that were meaningful to my fiancée and me, and Bellissima Music helped shape a setlist that was absolutely perfect. The song selections and transitions felt natural and created the exact mood I had hoped for. Hearing those songs performed live on violin made the moment even more special and memorable. My fiancee was in tears hearing the music and others at the winery came up to us asking questions about them/where did I find them. On the day of the proposal, everything was executed flawlessly. They eased my nerves of the proposal. Their performance added an elegant and emotional touch that elevated the entire experience, and several of our family members commented on how beautiful the music was. Thank you, Bellissima Music, for helping create one of the most important and unforgettable moments of our lives. I am incredibly grateful for your talent, professionalism, and attention to detail. Victor & Eliana
Victor G., 2 months ago
GemHidden gem
Heech Studio & Co 
Rating: 5.0 (6 reviews)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Photographer
  • Fine art style
  • Starts at $7,000

Heech Studio & Co is a San Francisco–based wedding photography studio focused on documenting celebrations in a natural, timeless way. The studio emphasizes honest moments, beautiful light, and thoughtful composition to create photographs that feel effortless and enduring. With a calm and attentive presence, Heech approaches weddings in a way that allows couples to fully enjoy their day while meaningful moments unfold naturally. From intimate city hall ceremonies to coastal and estate weddings throughout California, the goal is always the same: to create images that feel genuine, refined, and true to the experience of the day.

From our first conversation, Heech Studio & Co. was responsive and easy to reach whenever we had questions or needed to discuss details. On our wedding day, Heech and his team showed up ready to capture every important moment, and their work turned out even better than we imagined. They had a creative eye for the shots that really mattered to us, finding the small details that made our day feel personal and special. What impressed us most was how available they were to help with timing and logistics beyond just taking pictures. Heech is a genuine person who made us feel comfortable in front of the camera, and working with him was truly an honor. We couldn't have asked for a better team to document our wedding.
Mitch & A., 4 months ago
Quick responder
Rueé 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Event extras
  • Rentals
  • +2 more
  • Starts at $88
  • Offer

Rueé—luxury, as you desire. We’re a women-founded designer handbag rental service for wedding week. Borrow authentic iconic designer bags for your shower, rehearsal, ceremony, and honeymoon—then return with ease. Two simple tiers ($88 / $168), professionally cleaned and insured. The right bag helps you carry your story and makes precious moments even more memorable. Sustainable, flexible, beautifully practical—own the look, not the bag.

I was looking for a designer handbag to use for a special event; but I was hesitating to buy, even for a used handbag because of the high price tag; when I found out Rueé, it like a dream came true. They have so many amazing bags in their collections and the price is very reasonable; the overall purchase, returning and unboxing are amazing and effortless. I love their concept and service; will definitely come back!
fruity, a year ago
Quick responder
ATEMPO flowers 
Rating: 5.0 (4 reviews)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Florist
  • Starts at $4,000

My floral career started 10 years ago when I quit my desk job and discovered my passion for floral design; I Studied floral design and got certified in NYC and Mexico, and have been working in the wedding industry and all the US and Mexico.

Melissa was our wedding florist, and she was amazing to work with. I sent her a Pinterest board, and she quickly understood exactly the aesthetic I wanted and delivered beyond expectations. She was communicative and patient, taking the time to go over a range of different options, accommodating my preferences for symbolism and cultural traditions, and sending a detailed mock-up of how everything would look. She was happy to work with our budget constraints and gave us suggestions for how to make the most of our florals. On the wedding day, her team was punctual, organized, and efficient, and the florals were absolutely stunning. Many guests commented on how gorgeous they were, the pictures look phenomenal, and she included a lovely orchid in my bouquet free of charge. We had some last-minute confusion with our venue about candles, and Melissa worked around the change in plans seamlessly, coming up with an alternate tablescape that still looked beautiful and fit our vision. She also low-key saved our wedding cake, which nearly cracked when the layers were being stacked, but the flower spots made everything look flawless. I would recommend her without reservation - she's a true artist and professional.
Anne Y., a month ago
Quick responder
Anaya Beauty Co. 
Rating: 5.0 (2 reviews)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Beauty professional
  • Team of 4

Hi, I’m Diana, Licensed Esthetician and Makeup Artist. My goal is to accentuate your natural beauty while making you feel amazing on your very special day. I got my start in the world of makeup artistry when the opportunity presented itself to have fun and makeover my friends, family and colleagues. Little did I know, that their positive feedback and encouragement would convince me to pursue this now passion of mine. I am a business woman, self-educated on everything beauty through hands-on experience and by attending some of the best seminars with successful, professional makeup artists, from across the country.

As an older bride, I wanted someone who understood the understated look I was going for. The result was just like she advertised-natural and bumped up. I looked like myself. I was concerned about looking overdone, but it was just right. Diana was great at getting clear about what was important to me during the trial and the execution was seamless on the day.
Brandy V., 2 years ago
Zha Zha Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (2 reviews)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Photographer
  • Classic style

Whether you hope to celebrate your love on a tranquil shore or under a shower of glittering sparklers, my unique balance of classic portraiture with a modern photojournalistic style will transform those powerful experiences into timeless art. Together, we'll discover serenity in the chaos and genuine beauty in each moment.

Our photographer was one of the most important vendor decisions for us, and from the moment we met Zha Zha, we knew we were in the best hands!! We’re based in the Bay Area and were planning a destination wedding in Hawaii, and one thing that immediately stood out was how thoughtful and flexible she was throughout the process. She generously offered to include coverage of our SF City Hall civil ceremony in lieu of a traditional engagement shoot as part of our package, which ended up being so special with photos we will cherish forever. From the very beginning, she was incredibly easy to communicate with: responsive, organized, thoughtful, and calm in a way that immediately put us at ease. Honestly, meeting her in person made so many of my wedding nerves melt away. She has such a grounded, professional demeanor while still feeling warm and personable, which made us feel comfortable instantly. On the wedding day itself, she was AMAZING. She has such an incredible eye for light, color, composition, and candid moments — the kind of photographer who captures how a moment *felt*, not just how it looked. One of our biggest priorities was making sure our wedding didn’t feel like one long photoshoot (especially for my husband), and she absolutely nailed that balance. She guided us through portraits quickly and seamlessly, kept us on schedule all day, and somehow managed to keep me calm anytime she could tell I was starting to feel overwhelmed. She was also incredible at coordinating family photos and directing large groups efficiently — and as a huge bonus, she spoke Chinese with my extended family to help get everyone organized and comfortable, which meant so much to us. And we have to give a shoutout to her husband, Winson, who was also the BEST vibes all weekend long. Seeing the two of them together at our wedding honestly felt like the best omen for a happy, successful marriage to come — they brought such warmth, joy, and positive energy to the entire experience. By the end of the wedding day, I realized I had probably spent more time with Zha Zha than almost anyone other than my husband — and I genuinely cannot imagine our day without her. We are so grateful for her talent, calming presence, care, and energy throughout the entire process. Could not recommend her more.
Kimberly N., 3 months ago
Quick responder
Bouquet By My 
Rating: 5.0 (1 review)
Sunnyvale, CA
  • Florist
  • Starts at $1,000

My is the go-to florist in Sunnyvale, CA, serving the area with fresh flower arrangements and additional gifts of all kinds! Since we opened, we've been the premier florist offering the freshest flowers and most beautiful arrangements for every occasion to the great residents of Sunnyvale and beyond! My is a locally-owned flower shop with floral designers that use their creative talent of floral design to share a love of flowers with the residents of Sunnyvale through great design, precise attention-to-detail and wonderfully fresh flowers.

My had great communication and was very flexible. I basically didn't give her a final count of everything until the month of the wedding, but she was able to quickly give me an updated estimate and contract. She was able to give me everything I pictured and even repurposed the arch arrangement for the cake table decoration. Even paying her was easy and hassle-free. 10/10 would recommend!
Amanda T., 5 months ago
Quick responder
Peaches Custom Cookies and Cakes 
Rating: 5.0 (105 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Cakes & desserts
  • Starts at $8
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA
  • Offer

Located in Palo Alto, Peaches Custom Cookies and Cakes specializes in homemade and delicately-decorated sugar cookies, cakes, and other treats. Renee Fugel, owner and pastry chef, is a CIA graduate with Michelin training and has been servicing California for 4 years. Your wedding cake & desserts should be as tasty as they are beautiful — I take so much pride in turning your dreams into sweet reality! As a one-woman show, I strive to create a professional and open environment with my clients; I require creative freedom but I love to make each cake and cookie customizable to your liking! I’m looking forward to connecting with you.

As a professional bachelorette party planner, I have used Peaches Custom Cookies and Cakes for all of my groups. Renee is fast, efficient, and incredibly kind. Her work is meticulous, detail-oriented, and absolutely beautiful. Peaches Custom has worked with hundreds of themes and design requests from me, and she always delivers a 100/10 product. Additionally, decorated cookies while beautiful, often taste bland - NOT IN THIS CASE. Renee has somehow mastered cookies that are both aesthetically pleasing and delicious. All of my brides have been thrilled with Renee's work, and I highly recommend Peaches Custom to any couple looking for an exceptional wedding cake or dessert experience.
Emma C., 8 months ago
Quick responder
Fog City & Gold Country Entertainment 
Rating: 5.0 (80 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • DJ
  • Starts at $1,799
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

Fog City Entertainment (FCE) and Gold Country Entertainment (GCE) are premier event service brands serving California and beyond. With over 20 years of experience as a professional DJ, our founder, a passionate woman-entrepreneur has built both businesses on the foundation of creativity, excellence, and personal network. We offer award-winning DJ/MC, lighting, photo booth, and full production services. Whether it’s an intimate celebration or a grand affair, we bring your vision to life with style, energy, and professionalism.

Awarded Best of Zola
Ashley and Sampson were a great team for DJing our wedding! We had a very DIY venue that was a pretty blank slate, but the lighting and ambiance created by Sampson as our DJ really allowed people to dance (which we were pretty anxious about as non-dancers ourselves!). All the organization of the night went really smoothly too, things were announced exactly as we were hoping, tables got served food in great time, and we got to do our dances, cake cutting etc at a good pace. And I appreciated when our DJ double-checked with my husband on how long we wanted our first dance song as that was the part of the night we were most nervous about! I also appreciated the communication and planning ahead of time, and ability to send over tracks we'd like played or avoided in an easy to use website. We truly had all the songs we loved played, and all of the additions made were super fun and worked really well. My friends really enjoyed the night, and there was some good dancing for the older family members too. We had a lot of fun at our wedding in large part to Sampson's expertise!!! And Ashley was so lovely to work with in coordinating and scheduling, and was so professional with our coordinator when we had timeline changes. Thank you!!!
Maureen, 3 months ago
GemHidden gem
Latin and Asian Hospitality Group 
Rating: 4.7 (71 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Caterer
  • Starts at $8,500
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

At Latin and Asian Hospitality Group, we believe your wedding menu should be as unique as your love story. Based in Campbell, CA and serving the greater Bay Area — including San Jose, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Redwood City, Los Gatos, and beyond — we are a full-service catering and bar company specializing in bold, beautifully crafted fusion cuisine. Our menus draw from Latin, Asian, Mediterranean, Italian and American culinary traditions, delivering an experience your guests will talk about long after the last dance.

I used Latin & Asian Hospitality Group for my wedding this April because I wanted to mix my and my husband's cultures throughout our wedding day. These were by far the best vendors I worked with for my wedding. From the very beginning, Roddy & his team were so attentive, and lines of communication were always open for any questions I had. In the weeks leading up to the wedding, there was a lot of stress from other vendors, but my calls with Roddy about finalizing details were always so grounding & he worked so intentionally to provide a stress-free process for us. The day of the wedding, the food was absolutely amazing, and they made the day such a lovely experience, not only for us as a couple but also for so many of our family members, going above and beyond to meet their specific dietary needs! 10/10 company & team. Their hearts for giving the best experience will always be something my now-husband & I look back on and cherish about our wedding day!
Lynn, 3 months ago
Quick responder
Kaci Danae Events 
Rating: 5.0 (53 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 5 services
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

I’ve always been inspired by the strong, ambitious women in my life who built successful small businesses in the hospitality industry — from restaurant owners and bakers to caterers and florists. Growing up surrounded by their entrepreneurial spirit, I was motivated to follow my own path and create something meaningful in the world of events. ​ After spending two years working as a Wedding Coordinator at the Westin, the pandemic hit and forced a pause on hotel weddings. That unexpected turn of events only fueled my determination to turn my passion into a full-time business. And so, Kaci Danae Events was born.

Awarded Best of Zola
Kaci was so great to work with at the last wedding I photographed. She had clear communication with all of the vendors, paid attention to the little details, and day-of made things very easy. She was calm, easy going, and worked so effortlessly behind the scenes to make a seamless wedding day happen for the couple. I'd absolutely work with her again on any event. If you're looking for a coordinator to make your event stress free, she is your best pick!
Jessica W., 14 days ago
Quick responder
Garcia Pics 
Rating: 5.0 (36 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Classic style
  • Starts at $1,100
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA
  • Offer

Hi, I’m Carlos Garcia, your dedicated wedding photographer. Capturing moments that last a lifetime isn’t just my passion—it’s my commitment. I'm here to turn your special day into a visual masterpiece. Photography isn’t just a job for me; it’s a privilege to be part of your celebration. I take pride in creating a relaxed, enjoyable atmosphere so you and your loved ones can feel at ease in front of the camera. I aim to capture genuine emotions, candid smiles, and the heartfelt moments that make your wedding unforgettable.

Awarded Best of Zola
Carlos was our wedding photographer and did an amazing job at listening to our wants and needs and making the experience fun. He took amazing photos of our families, and focused on candids and was able to capture the fun and happiness of our day. I would highly recommend his services for weddings. I felt and looked amazing in the photos, thanks to his great direction and style.
Drea R., a year ago
Quick responder
Soiree Society LLC 
Rating: 5.0 (36 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Bar services & beverages
  • Starts at $750
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

Soirée Society LLC is a elevated mobile bar service based in the Bay Area, bringing curated cocktails, elevated hospitality, and unforgettable vibes to weddings and private events. We specialize in creating a bespoke bar experience tailored to your celebration whether it's a garden ceremony, city rooftop reception, or elegant estate affair. Our team of certified and insured bartenders not only craft exceptional drinks but also add style and energy to your event. With a passion for detail and guest experience, Soirée Society makes every pour part of the party. Let us help you toast to forever.

I’ve been looking for the right bartending service for my 30th birthday and had seen Soirée Society at two weddings over the past year. Both times, they were absolutely flawless—friendly team, great drinks, and a really smooth, professional setup. They bring such good energy to any event. Can’t wait to have them at mine
Geovana, a year ago
Quick responder
The Mountain Terrace 
Rating: 4.9 (32 reviews)
WOODSIDE, CA
  • Venue
  • Up to 250 guests
  • All-inclusive
  • Outdoor & indoor
  • Open house

Whether you are looking for a complete wedding and reception experience or a special place for an intimate wedding or commitment ceremony, The Mountain Terrace is a stunning outdoor and indoor venue that will engage you and your guests in a beautiful celebration. Experience your ceremony in our sprawling grassy meadow with bay views peeking through towering redwood trees. Dining outdoors on the expansive redwood deck offers rustic elegance and allows your reception guests to be charmed by the breathtaking views at The Mountain Terrace while savoring our top notch in-house catering. The rustic beauty of our country-style lodge provides an alternative backdrop for a cozy and intimate reception or after dinner dancing. We celebrate a variety of different cultural and lifestyle ceremonies and welcome your individual rituals and traditions. The Mountain Terrace is a place for you to celebrate your special day in the style you feel most accustomed.

Why you'll love this venue

  • Feels like a getaway
  • Provides a dedicated team on-site
  • Multiple event spaces

Venue considerations

  • No in-house lighting and sound packages available
Awarded Best of Zola
Photographing a wedding at The Mountain Terrace is always a joy! This beautiful venue always brings happiness to my clients and their guests year after year. The Mountain Terrace and its stunning surroundings are breathtaking, with majestic redwood trees and a hilltop setting providing a perfect backdrop for any wedding. The team at The Mountain Terrace consistently brings the couple's vision to life, ensuring everything comes together flawlessly. The Mountain Terrace is an excellent choice for any wedding!
Jennifer M., 2 years ago
Quick responder
The Cinematics 
Rating: 5.0 (31 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Editorial style
  • Starts at $1,995
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA
  • Offer

At The Cinematics, we believe your wedding deserves to be captured like a work of art. Specializing in both photography and cinematic films, we tell your love story through timeless imagery and heartfelt storytelling. From the smallest details to the most emotional moments, our goal is to preserve every chapter of your day so you can relive it for a lifetime.

Awarded Best of Zola
What amazed us most is how they managed to be everywhere without ever feeling intrusive. We have photos of the smallest details and the biggest emotions. The video flows so smoothly that it feels like we’re right back at our wedding day. It’s the best decision we made for our special day.
Rafaela C., a year ago
Quick responder
Thalia Moshtagh Photography 
Rating: 5.0 (28 reviews)
  • Photographer
  • Photojournalistic style
  • Starts at $4,200
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

Hello! I’m so excited for the chance to work with you. I’m a former teacher who has always had a passion for photography. I started working freelance in 2015 and did a lot of my first jobs in the music industry. I shot Warped Tour a few times and even had one of my promos featured by AP magazine. I quickly realized I loved working with couples the most, and now focus on couple and family portraits and weddings!

Awarded Best of Zola
Thalia saved our wedding. We had to change photographers very last minute and were super worried about hiring someone new. Then we found Thalia and from the moment we had our first intro call with her we had a feeling that everything was going to work out. She was so professional, during our first call she was very well organized and clear about what she would need from us. She took her time to make sure we were a great match and to understand our vision. She was personable and kind, speaking with her felt like talking to a friend right away. She was considerate, during all parts of the wedding she made sure to give us time alone together and we never felt rushed. Even still she constantly captured the most breath taking photos. Lastly she was so much fun! Our guests loved her and thought she had the most wonderful energy. She directed us very well. Looking over the pictures I’ve never felt so beautiful. She even brought her own props to go with our theme for the pictures. A vintage camera and tray. Everything she did was so thoughtful. I wish we could have another wedding just to have her photograph it. You will not regret working with Thalia. We feel so incredibly lucky to have gotten the opportunity.
Michaela K., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Two Perfect Events 
Rating: 5.0 (27 reviews)
  • Planner
  • Offers 6 services
  • Starts at $1,500
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

Two Perfect Events was created out of a love for planning. This developed into a greater love of bringing others happiness and relief in their journey in putting together their unique and perfect events. We embrace the unconventional to plan the most fun, authentic, and take-your-breath-away wedding experiences. Two Perfect Events is an award-winning and published event design and planning studio based in the Bay Area. We also travel worldwide!

Awarded Best of Zola
We worked with Yoko from Two Perfect Events, and her team was on top of it every step of the way. Yoko made sure to get to know us and took every step possible over the year we worked together to make sure that we were prepared for the big day. She was in touch with our vendors, and our families and made sure that everything ran as smoothly as possible. We never felt behind schedule or rushed because Yoko and team were so organized and on top of it. They really took care of us throughout the entire process. Something we appreciate is that they anticipated we'd need breaks during the day and scheduled those for us as well, they also made sure we were fed and hydrated throughout! Our families could not stop talking about how efficiently the entire day was managed. 11/10 want to plan another wedding just to hire them again.
Woodrow J., 2 years ago
Quick responder
Lavender Crown LLC 
Rating: 5.0 (26 reviews)
·Ratings include Zola and Google reviews
  • Planner
  • Offers 3 services
  • Starts at $2,450
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

Wedding Planning, Event Management, & Canine Coordination | With over 10 years of combined experience, Lavender Crown's planners Michelle and Hannah are based in San Jose and serves the Greater Bay area and beyond. We value a work-life-planning balance to that you can take back your time. Whether you just want some advice during the planning process or need someone to help save you over 100+ hours of your time, we're here for you.

Awarded Best of Zola
We had such a great experience! Our chaperone, Michele, was amazing — super professional, kind, and made us feel totally at ease. She sent us tons of cute pictures and updates, and it was so clear our dog was having the best time. It’s such a relief knowing our pup was in such good hands. Highly recommend Michele and Lavender Crown!
Paarth T., 10 months ago
Quick responder
Natasha's Treats 
Rating: 5.0 (25 reviews)
  • Cakes & desserts
  • Serves Sunnyvale, CA

Raised in Ukraine, I grew up loving the delectable European cakes my mother would bake from scratch. This experience cultivated my love for sweets and baking, and taught me to appreciate desserts that offer both exceptional flavor and just the right amount of sweetness.

Awarded Best of Zola
Our wedding venue recommended Natasha's Treats, and we were so glad they did! Working with her was seamless, from our first communication with her to the beautiful finished product on our wedding day. She was so kind, communicative, and professional. Our reception was outdoors and there was some concern about our cake being in the sun for several hours, which required some coordinating with the venue about when the cake should be delivered. Natasha took it upon herself to talk directly with the venue in the week leading up to the wedding, insisting that it was not something she wanted us to have to worry about, and for that I was so grateful! Our cake was delicious, and we got many compliments on it. Prior to the wedding, we'd ordered a tasting box from her, and all six of the classic flavors we sampled were excellent. We went with just one flavor for our three-tiered cake since my husband and I both agreed on which was our favorite. If you look through Natasha's photos on Instagram, you will see that she does absolutely beautiful work. We chose a simple design with textured lines, since we were going for a simple, clean look for our cake. She also has her prices listed on her website, which was appreciated, and her prices are very competitive and worth the investment. I highly recommend Natasha's Treats!
Jaclyn M., 2 years ago

Sunnyvale, CA reception venues by style

Outdoor spaces
Outdoor spaces